Boone,  William  Jones 


Address  in  behalf  of  the  China  mission 


ADDRESS  .V 

IN  BEHALF  OF 

<e®iiTA 


BY  THE 


v"  REV.  WILLIAM  J.  BOONE,  M.D., 

X MISSIONARY 


OF  THE 


PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 


TO  CHINA. 


Published  by  order  of  the  Foreign  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Missions. 


N E W - Y O R K : 

PRINTED  BY  W.  OSBORN, 
88  William-street. 


1837. 


AXD  UE  SAID  UNTO  ME,  DEPART  ; 
FOR  I WILL  SEND  THEE  FAR 
HENCE  UNTO  THE  GENTILES. 


Acts  zxii.  2L 


ADDRESS. 


MARK  svi.  15. 

GO  YE  INTO  ALL  THE  WORLD  AND  PREACH  THE  GOSPEL  TO  EVERY  CREATURE. 

The  cause  of  Missions  is  not  recommended  to  us,  my 
brethren,  merely  on  the  principle  of  gratitude,  and  yet  it  has 
here  a most  powerful  claim.  If  we  are  not  grateful  beyond 
expression  for  the  gospel,  we  neither  understand  nor  rightly 
believe  it.  If  we  do  not  express  that  gratitude  by  exerting 
ourselves  to  convey  the  blessing  to  others,  its  existence  is 
more  than  doubtful. 

The  cause  of  Missions  is  not  recommended  to  us  merely 
on  the  principle  of  humanity,  and  yet  we  violate  every  dic- 
tate and  feeling  of  humanity,  if  we  neglect  to  disseminate  the 
gospel.  This  cause  is  not  recommended  to  us  merely  on  the 
principle  of  justice,  and  yet  we  are  most  evidently  unjust,  if 
we  withhold  from  others  a blessing  to  which  they  have  an 
equal  right  with  ourselves. 

The  cause  of  Missions  is  further  recommended  to  us  on 
the  principle  of  consistency  and  concern  for  our  own  best 
interests — as  the  best  use  we  can  make  of  our  peculiar  privi- 
leges and  advantages  as  a nation,  and  the  most  hopeful 
means  of  securing  a continuance  of  them.  But  not  any  one 
of  these  considerations,  nor  all  of  them  put  together,  consti- 
tute the  main  strength  of  our  obligation  to  carry  the  gospel 
to  the  idolatrous  Pagan,  the  deluded  Mohammedan,  and  the 
unbelieving  Jew.  To  all  of  them  we  should  be  bound  to 
carry  it,  although  we  had  no  other  motive  to  constrain  us, 


4 


ADDRESS. 


no  Other  consideration  to  warrant  or  influence  us,  than  this, 
Christ  has  said  Go  teach  all  nations" — “ Go  ye  into  all  the 
world  and  preach  the  gospel  to  every  creature.”  These 
commands  are  our  grand  motive  and  warrant  to  attempt  the 
conversion  of  the  world,  and  not  only  so,  but  they  give 
cogency,  appropriateness  and  eflect  to  all  the  reasons  which 
can  be  adduced  for  zeal  and  perseverance  in  the  glorious 
project.  'Without  them,  although  the  nature  of  the  service 
would  remain  the  same,  and  the  humanity  and  benevolence 
of  carrying  the  gospel  to  the  heathen  be  unaltered,  yet  we 
should  have  no  authority  to  call  upon  them  to  believe  and 
obey  it. 

It  is  upon  the  authority  of  its  Author  that  our  obligation 
to  preach  the  gospel  to  every  creature  must  rest ; the  motives 
to  which  I have  alluded,  and  many  others  which  might 
easily  be  set  in  array,  have  their  own  weight,  and  ought  to 
have  their  own  influence ; but  it  should  be  in  connection 
with  the  divine  command,  as  deriving  from  it  their  chief 
value.  Should  the  pleasing  nature  of  the  service,  the  grati- 
fying prospect  of  success,  and  the  great  good  likely  to  result 
from  the  enterprise,  be  presented  as  the  chief  inducements  for 
sending  the  gospel  to  the  heathen,  the  result  would  be,  that 
while  many  would  not  choose  practically  to  feel  the  force  of 
these  reasons,  others  would  not  be  able  to  trace  their  obe- 
dience to  the  only  source  that  can  render  their  condiict  a 
proof  of  loyalty  and  love  to  their  master,  viz. : reverence  for 
the  authority  of  his  command.  The  inference  might  be 
that  our  Saviour  had  not  interposed  his  authority,  or  that  it 
was  not  of  itself  sufficient  to  warrant  or  produce  obedience. 
But,  my  brethren,  the  words  of  my  text  are  very  explicit. 
They  do  not  leave  us  to  derive  a knowledge  of  our  duty  in 
this  respect  from  inference.  It  is  not  left  discretionary  with 
us,  whether  we  shall  give  the  gospel  to  the  heathen  or  not. 
“ Go  preach  the  gospel  to  every  creature.”  This  command 
is  as  positive  and  binding  upon  us,  as  any  command  which 
the  Saviour  has  ever  left  us  ; just  as  obligatory  as  the  com- 
mand to  love  God  himself  or  our  neighbor.  We  will  not 
then  argue  on  our  obligation  to  propagate  the  gospel ; for 


CHINA. 


5 


Christ  having  commanded  it,  unless  we  question  his  autho- 
rity ; we  have  only  to  inquire,  “ What  does  it  mean,”  that  we 
may  obey. 

This  command  embraces  every  nation  and  constitutes  the 
whole  world  the  field  for  Christian  exertion.  The  soldier  of 
the  cross  has  now  a right  to  go  to  any  nation  under  heaven 
and  call  upon  them,  by  the  authority  of  his  master,  to  believe 
and  obey.  And  every  disciple  of  Jesus  is  bound  to  the  very 
extent  of  his  ability,  and  the  opportunity  afforded  him  in  the 
providence  of  God,  to  send  the  gospel  to  every  creature. 
However,  therefore,  we  may  differ  as  to  the  best  mode  of 
obeying  this  command,  we  must  all  acknowledge  that  it  im- 
poses upon  us  the  obligation,  and  record  this  acknowledgment 
as  the  profession  of  our  allegiance  to  the  Saviour’s  authority. 
This  the  Church  of  which  we  are  members  has  done,  and  in 
view  of  her  duty  to  preach  the  gospel  to  every  creature,  both 
at  home  and  abroad,  she  regards  every  one  consecrated  at  her 
altar  as  baptized  into  the  missionary  cause  ; that  is,  as  bound 
by  his  Christian  profession  to  live  for  the  propagation  of  the  gos- 
pel. With  this  express  command  of  her  Saviour,  the  Church 
can  never  hesitate  as  to  her  right  and  duty  to  send  his  gospel  to 
any  nation.  The  political  condition  of  some  nations,  how- 
ever, may  be  such  as  to  preclude  our  exertions  for  the  pre- 
sent, and  afford  an  indication  that,  in  the  providence  of  God, 
the  time  of  their  visitation  has  not  arrived  ; and  this  conside- 
ration makes  the  condition  of  each  heathen  nation  a matter 
of  great  interest.  Accordingly,  the  Church  has  appointed  a 
Board  of  Missions  to  be  as  it  were  upon  the  watch-tower — to 
have  its  eye  upon  the  whole  world,  and  to  say  where  and 
how  her  energies  shall  be  directed.  This  board  has  sent  out 
Missionaries  to  China,  among  other  places  in  heathen  lands, 
and  have  recently  added  to  the  number  of  their  Missionaries 
to  that  country,  by  the  appointment  of  him  who  addresses 
you. 

With  the  earnest  desire  of  exciting  your  interest,  sympa- 
thies, and  prayers  in  behalf  of  this  Mission,  I will  invite  your 
attention,  for  a few  moments,  to  such  facts  with  reference  to 
the  Chinese  nation,  deemed  interesting  in  connection  with  our 


6 


ADDRESS. 


missionary  exertions  there,  as  may  be  mentioned  in  a dis- 
course ; and  I would  bespeak  a patient  and  candid  hearing, 
as  I shall  dwell  at  some  length  on  these  facts,  because  it  is 
believed  that  there  is  a very  general  impression  that  China 
is  at  present  excluded  from  all  Christian  exertion. 

In  many  respects  the  Mission  to  China  is  perhaps,  the 
most  interesting  one  on  earth.  We  have  here  under  one  go- 
vernment and  reading  the  same  language,  between  three  and 
four  hundred  millions  of  men  ; at  least  one-third  of  the  whole 
human  race.  Such  a number  ofour  fellow  men,  collected  in  one 
mass,  let  their  state  be  what  it  may,  cannot  fail  to  excite  our 
liveliest  interest.  But  the  Chinese  claim  our  attention,  not 
merely  on  the  score  of  numbers,  (an  important  consideration 
when  our  object  is  to  save  souls  ;)  their  political,  intellectual, 
and  moral  condition  are  of  themselves  highly  interesting ; 
and  these,  if  known,  will  instruct  us  as  to  the  best  means  of 
effecting  our  object,  and  will  also  afford  some  indication  of  the 
success  which  our  labors  will  most  probably  meet. 

The  Chinese,  if  we  may  rely  upon  the  reports  of  the  em- 
bassies which  have  visited  that  country  from  England,  and 
the  testimony  of  individuals  who  have  long  resided  there,  are 
the  most  civilized  and  best  governed  nation  out  of  the  pale  of 
Christendom.  Parental  authority,  we  are  told,  is  here  the 
model  or  type  of  political  rule.  The  emperor  is  the  father  of 
the  empire — the  viceroy,  of  the  province  over  which  he  pre- 
sides— -the  mandarin,  of  the  city  which  lie  governs  ; and  the 
father  of  every  family  is  the  absolute  and  responsible  ruler  of 
his  household.  Social  order  and  peace  are  deemed  the  one 
thing  needful,  and  this  object  is  steadily  and  consistently  pur- 
sued. The  patriarchal  form  of  government  seems  to  have 
been  universal  in  the  infancy  of  society  ; but  the  Chinese  are 
the  only  people  who  have  continued  it,  after  the  various  tribes 
or  families  of  which  nations  are  formed,  have  been  united 
under  one  government.  The  experiment  of  the  continuance 
of  the  elementary  form,  seems  not  to  have  been  a failure  in  a 
political  point  of  view  ; for  says  a late  writer  from  that  coun- 
try : “ The  great  wealth  of  the  empire — the  cheerful  and  in- 
defatigable industry  of  the  people,  and  their  unconquerable 


CHIN  A. 


7 


attachment  to  their  country,  are  all  of  them  circumstances, 
which  prove  that  if  the  government  is  jealous  in  guarding  its 
rights,  it  is  not  altogether  ignorant  or  unmindful  of  its  duties. 
In  practice  there  is,  of  course,  (the  government  being  a des- 
potism,) a great  deal  of  inevitable  abuse  ; but  upon  the  whole, 
and  in  relation  to  ultimate  effects,  the  machine  works  well ; 
and  we  repeat  it,  that  the  surest  proofs  of  this  are  apparent 
on  the  very  face  of  the  most  cheerfully  industrious,  orderly, 
and  most  wealthy  nation  of  Asia.” 

The  first  circumstance  which  strikes  every  visitor  of 
China,  is  the  air  of  cheerful  industry  which  pervades  all 
ranks  of  society ; and  this  is  the  surest  proof  in  the  world, 
that  the  people  possess  their  full  share  of  the  results  of  their 
own  labors  ; for  men  do  not  toil  either  willingly  or  effective- 
ly for  hard  task-masters. 

If  these  things  are  so,  my  brethren,  China  is  surely,  in  a 
political  point  of  view,  the  most  desirable  field  in  the 
world  for  the  Church  to  enter  in  her  missionary  capacity. 
The  gospel  once  fairly  established  in  a nation  where  order, 
peace,  and  industry  thus  dwell,  may  be  expected  soon  to  ex- 
tend over  the  whole  empire  ; for  we  know  that  it  is  the  order- 
ly and  industrious  of  every  country  who  constitute  the  great 
class  from  which  the  Christian  Church  is  filled,  and  these  re- 
sults have  occurred  in  China  as  elsewhere,  under  the  over- 
ruling providence  of  God. 

The  author  of  these  favorable  sentiments  of  the  political 
institutions  of  the  Chinese  which  I have  presented,  resided 
in  China  upwards  of  twenty  years,  and  from  his  connection 
with  the  East  India  Company,  and  the  high  station  which  he 
afterwards  held,  (succeeding  Lord  Napier,)  he  enjoyed  a fine 
opportunity,  during  his  protracted  residence,  of  informing  him- 
self of  their  state  and  condition.  We  are  warned  by  him 
not  to  form  our  ideas  of  Chinese  institutions  and  Chinese 
character  from  what  is  seen  at  Canton  connected  with  the 
foreign  trade.  Nothing  can  be  more  unjust  or  iniquitous,  he 
admits,  than  the  conduct  of  the  government  towards  foreigners. 
But  we  should  be  led  into  a great  error,  we  are  told  by  him, 
were  we  to  argue  from  this,  that  the  conduct  of  the  govern- 


8 


ADDRESS. 


meat  towards  its  own  citizens  is  at  all  similar.  Their  funda- 
mental maxim  for  intercourse  with  foreigners  is,  “the  barba- 
rians are  like  beasts,  and  not  to  be  ruled  on  the  same  princi- 
ples as  citizens.”  “Were  any  one,”  say  they,  “to  attempt  con- 
trolling them  by  the  great  maxims  of  reason,  it  would  tend 
to  nothing  but  confusion.  The  ancient  kings  well  under- 
stood this,  and  accordingly  ruled  barbarians  by  misrule. 
Therefore,  to  rule  barbarians  by  misrule,  is  the  true  and  best 
way  of  ruling  them.”  Governed  by  this  maxim,  they  re- 
sort without  scruple  to  the  utmost  extortion  in  their  inter- 
course with  foreigners  ; but  this  system  of  extortion  is  by  no 
means  practised  where  the  natives  are  alone  concerned  and 
good  security  is  aflbrded  for  the  enjoyment  of  property. 

These  facts  are  of  the  greatest  importance  when  contem- 
plating the  evangelization  of  China;  for  the  further  removed 
they  are  from  savagism,  the  sooner  shall  we  be  able  to  make 
them  acquainted  with  the  gospel  of  Christ,  and  the  greater 
prospect  have  we  of  an  ample  return  for  our  labors. 

Another  important'  feature  in  the  condition  of  China, 
viewed  in  connection  with  missionary  operations,  is  the  encou- 
ragement which  the  government  gives  to  education;  with  the. 
exception  of  the  imperial  descendants  who  have  a titular  rank 
but  no  power,  they  have  no  aristocracy  but  that  created  by 
learning  and  talents.  The  aristocracy  of  China  (the  govern- 
ment is  so  pure  a despotism)  is  entirely  official,  and  all  the 
offices  and  magistracies  are  distributed  without  regard  to 
birth  and  possessions,  to  those  who  give  evidence  of  superior 
learning  and  talents.  All  rank  being  thus  determined  by 
talent,  the  government  offers  to  each  individual,  every  three 
years  at  the  public  examinations,  an  opportunity  of  displaying 
his  attainments ; and  though  it  cannot  give  offices  to  all,  it 
gives  honors,  and  declares  the  successful  candidate  eligible 
to  a situation  either  civil  or  military,  and  finally  to  the  high- 
est offices  of  the  state  if  his  merits  shall  entitle  him  thereto. 
In  consequence  of  this  system,  education  is  universally  pur- 
sued, except  among  those  whose  poverty  is  abject.  Every  town 
is  provided  with  its  place  of  public  instruction,  and  wealthy 
families  employ  private  tutors.  So  that  among  the  countless 


CHINA. 


9 


millions  of  the  empire,  there  is  scarcely  an  incliv’-idiial  who 
cannot  read  sufficiently  well  for  the  ordinary  purposes  of  life. 
To  those  who  rej^ard  the  word  of  God  as  the  sword  of  the 
Spirit,  and  believe  the  Bible  to  be  the  exclusive  standard  of 
the  Christain  faith  and  practice,  a fact  more  interesting  or 
encouragingthan  this  could  not  be  mentioned,  or  one  the  know- 
ledge of  which  could  bring  us  under  stronger  obligations  to 
supply,  in  the  shortest  time  possible,  these  perishing  millions 
with  the  bread  of  life. 

It  is  an  interesting  question  also  to  investigate  how  the 
Chinese  are  to  be  ranked  with  other  nations  in  the  compara- 
tive scale  of  civil  society.  Davis,  the  author  already  so 
frequently  alluded  to,  says,  “ their  superiority  over  the  other 
nations  of  Asia  is  so  decided  as  scarcely  to  need  the  institu- 
tion of  an  elaborate  comparison.”  All  those  who  have  had 
the  opportunity  of  seeing  them  have  readily  admitted  this, 
and  none  more  so  than  the  Right  Honorable  Henry  Ellis, 
British  Ambassador  to  Persia,  whose  intimate  personal  ac- 
quaintance with  China  and  India,  as  well  as  with  Persia,  has 
peculiarly  fitted  him  to  form  a just  estimate.  But  whatever 
their  present  comparative  standing  may  be,  we  cannot  doubt 
that  the  first  inventors  of  printing,  gunpowder,  and  the  mari- 
ner’s compass,  must  possess  sufficient  natural  mind,  to  make 
them,  when  this  mind  shall  become  enlightened  and  sanctified 
by  the  gospel,  and  consecrated  to  the  service  of  God,  prominent 
actors  in  the  intellectual  and  moral,  as  well  as  the  political 
revolutions  of  this  world. 

The  conversion  of  such  a nation  as  this  from  the  service 
of  dumb  idols  to  that  of  the  only  true  and  living  God,  will  be 
indeed,  my  brethren,  an  era  in  the  moral  history  of  the  world  ; 
and  happy,  thrice  happy  will  he  be,  who  shall  have  contribu- 
ted, even  in  the  slightest  degree,  to  the  production  of  a result 
which  will  bring  such  a revenue  of  glory  to  God,  and  rescue 
from  eternal  death,  so  many  millions  of  immortal  beings. 
Who  can  for  one  moment  contemplate  such  an  object,  without 
being  fired  with  an  ardent  desire  to  become  a co-worker  with 
God,  in  rescuing  from  the  shades  of  night  and  death,  this 
mighty  nation  1 And  if,  my  brethren,  their  political  and  Intel- 


10 


ADDRESS. 


lectual  condition  is  such  as  should  stimulate  us  to  exertion  in 
their  behalf,  their  moral  condition  imperiously  demands  our 
immediate  efforts.  The  Chinese  are  idolaters.  They  them- 
selves say  that  their  idols  are  more  numerous  than  the  sands 
of  one  of  their  great  rivers.  They  have  in  the  province  of 
Canton  alone,  more  than  1300  idol  temples.  Their  prospects 
for  eternity  are  therefore  but  too  plainly  revealed.  They 
are  idolaters,  and  “idolaters  shall  not  inherit  the  kingdom  of 
God.”  “ Idolaters  shall  have  their  part  in  the  lake  which 
burneth  with  fire  and  brimstone,  which  is  the  second 
death.”  They  are  ignorant  of  Jesus,  and  “there  is  none 
other  name  under  heaven  given  among  men  whereby  we 
must  be  saved.”  They  are  destitute  of  “holiness,  without 
which  no  man  shall  see  the  Lord.”  God  has  provided 
no  other  means  for  their  salvation  than  that  revealed  in  the 
gospel  of  his  Son,  and  that  gospel  he  has  committed  to  us,  with 
the  charge  to  preacli  it  to  every  creature.  But  perhaps  many 
of  my  hearers  will  say,  what  avails  the  claim  made  upon  us 
by  their  character  as  a readingpeople,  their  immense  numbers, 
their  perishing  condition,  and  even  the  command  of  Christ 
to  teach  all  nations,  when  there  is  such  a wall  of  pro- 
scription around  them,  that  they  are  completely  excluded 
from  the  approach  of  Christian  missionaries  1 Should  it  ap- 
pear, my  brethren,  that  we  can  at  present  do  nothing  for 
China,  then  their  condition  must  be  regarded  as  a providen- 
tial interpretation  of  Christ’s  command  ; but  until  this  is 
made  clear  and  certain,  we  are  bound  by  the  express  letter 
and  spirit  of  this  command  to  send  them  the  gospel.  And 
here  let  me  remark,  that  the  burden  of  proof — the  duty  of 
showing  that  nothing  can  be  done  for  the  Chinese  lies  upon 
those  who  would  limit  the  command  and  exclude  them  from 
a pre.sent  participation  of  the  privileges  of  the  gospel. 

I think  however  that  it  can  on  the  contrary  be  shown,  that 
there  is  a wide  and  effectual  door  now  open  for  the  gradual 
introduction  of  the  gospel  into  China.  It  must  however  be 
frankly  confessed,  that  the  empire  proper  is  at  present  inac- 
cessible to  the  living  teacher,  for  although  there  are  now  two 
Protestant  Missionaries  residing  in  Canton,  they  are  so  much 


CHINA. 


11 


restricted  that  their  situation  is  itself  a proof  that  China  is 
not  open.  The  empire  has  been  accessible  to  IMissionaries, 
and  the  Jesuits  entered  in  great  numbers  and  met  with  great 
success.  When  their  first  Missionary  Ricci  died,  although  he 
lived  but  twenty-seven  years,  he  left  behind  in  the  diffe- 
rent provinces  more  than  three  hundred  churches.  What 
cannot  one  zealous  man  do,  if  his  whole  soul  is  devoted  to  a 
single  object  7 What  might  Ricci  have  done,  had  he  dedica- 
ted his  labors  to  the  blessed  Redeemer  7 But  the  Jesuits  com- 
mitted one  great  error.  They  put  their  trust  in  princes,  rnen 
of  fickle  passions  like  themselves.  Their  labors  were  traced 
in  sand.  They  made  no  translations  of  the  word  of  God, 
they  educated  no  native  ministry,  and  therefore,  as  soon 
as  persecution  arose,  and  they  were  expelled,  their  religion 
was  banished  with  them.  They  left  in  the  hands  of  their 
converts  only  a few  rosaries  and  crucifixes.  Had  they 
given  the  word  of  God,  and  preached  to  them  a crucified 
Saviour,  our  only  hope  in  time  and  in  eternity — had  they 
put  their  sole  confidence  in  the  living  God — had  they 
preached  only  the  pure  gospel,  the  number  of  their  converts 
might  have  been  small,  but  the  gates  of  hell  would  not 
have  prevailed  against  Christ’s  Church. 

They  forgot  that  Christ’s  kingdom  is  not  of  this  world,  and 
prejudiced  the  Chinese  against  themselves  by  their  intestine 
quarrels,  until  at  length  the  emperor,  disgusted  with  the  pope’s 
undertaking  to  exercise  dominion  in  his  territories,  expelled 
them  from  the  country.  The  grand  injury  which  Christianity 
has  sustained  in  China  from  their  labors,  is  not  from  the 
number  of  converts  to  Romanism  which  they  made  ; but 
tbeir  having  caused  the  Chinese  government  to  regard  the 
Christian  religion  as  a scheme  of  political  intrigue.  The 
Chinese  government  is  tolerant  on  the  subject  of  religion.  It 
tolerates  all  sects  within  the  empire,  and  no  one  is  disqualified 
for  office  on  account  of  his  religious  tenets.  But  the  Christian 
religion  is  regarded  as  connected  with  a political  scheme,  and 
this  is  the  cause  of  all  the  opposition  of  the  government  to  its 
introduction,  and  the  only  cause,  it  is  believed,  of  the  decrees 
which  have  been  passed  against  it.  These  decrees  are  against 


12 


ADDRESS. 


the  Romanist ; but  as  the  Chinese  know  no  difference  be- 
tween Protestants  and  Romanists,  the  effect  of  them  for  the 
present  is  to  exclude  the  one  as  well  as  the  other  from  the 
empire. 

But,  my  brethren,  I think  we  can  clearly  see  the  hand  of 
God  working  for  the  advancement  of  his  cause  in  the  exclu- 
sion for  the  present  of  all  Missionaries  from  China.  If  the 
empire  was  thrown  entirely  open,  such  is  the  apathy  on  the 
subject  of  Missions  in  Protestant  churches,  that  very  few 
more  Missionaries,  perhaps,  would  be  sent  than  are  now 
going,  whereas  the  Romanists  would  again  overrun  the 
whole  country,  and  rear  a structure  far  more  difficult  to  over- 
throw than  heathen  idolatry.  This  consideration,  connected 
with  the  fact  that  there  is  more  work  bearing  on  the  evange- 
lization  of  China,  which  can  now  be  done,  than  the  Church 
is  at  present  willing  to  perform,  may  explain  to  us  why  it  is, 
that  in  the  providence  of  God,  we  are  debarred  from  entering 
the  empire  itself,  while  we  should  not  regard  it  as  an  indica- 
tion, that  we  are  to  do  nothing  for  its  perishing  millions.  I 
will  now  speak  of  the  modes  by  which  the  Christian  Church 
can,  at  present,  operate  oti  China. 

There  are  two  modes,  both  of  them  indirect,  but  each  of 
them  capable  of  affording  employment  of  the  highest  inte- 
rest to  many  able  and  faithful  laborers,  whose  exertions  will 
assuredly  be  felt,  at  no  distant  day,  in  every  part  of  the  em- 
pire. 

The  first  mode  is  that  of  sending  Missionaries  to  the 
Chinese  out  of  the  empire.  There  are  from  six  hundred 
thousand  to  one  million  of  Chinese  settled  all  around  China, 
who  are  free  from  the  proscription  of  which  I have  spoken. 
A large  number  of  these  are  situated  on  the  islands  of  the 
eastern  Archipelago,  which  are  under  the  government  of  the 
British,  Dutch,  and  other  European  powers  ; and  are  as  ac- 
cessible to  the  Missionary,  so  far  as  relates  to  political  hin- 
drances, as  the  citizens  of  this  town  are  accessible  to  their 
pastors.  They  present  many  favorable  circumstances  for 
preaching  the  gospel.  They  live  together  in  communities, 
separate  from  all  others  on  the  different  islands.  There  are 


CHINA. 


13 


at  Batavia,  where  our  Missionaries  (Messrs.  Hanson  and 
Lockwood)  are  now  situated,  about  20,000  in  one  body.  At 
Singapore,  where  the  Committee  contemplate  sending  their 
Missionary  lately  appointed,  ] 5,000.  At  Penang,  10,000.  At 
Bianca,  10,000 ; and  so  on  throughout  all  the  islands.  To 
all  these  there  is  free  access,  and  the  islands,  being  as  I have 
said  under  the  government  of  European  powers,  the  Mission- 
ary enjoys  complete  freedom  and  protection  in  his  work,  and 
as  soon  as  the  language  is  acquired,  he  can  commence  to  tell 
to  thousands,  who  have  never  heard  the  sweet  sound  before, 
the  story  of  redeeming  love.  Here,  my  brethren,  is  an  ex- 
tensive field  of  usefulness,  but  the  attention  of  Christians 
having  been  called  to  China  a year  or  two  ago,  as  if  access 
could  be  had  to  its  360,000,000,  being  now  disappointed  in 
the  expectations  then  excited,  they  refuse  to  look  at  the  field 
which  is  really  open  to  them.  Here  are  one  million  of  men, 
equal  to  the  population  of  this  state,  who  are  accessible  ; and 
regarding  this  state  as  affording  an  ample  field  for  the  labors 
of  more  than  two  hundred  of  our  own  ministers,  (not  to  take 
into  consideration  the  much  greater  number  of  ministers  of 
other  denominations,)  we  cannot  consider  this  outside  popula- 
tion as  unimportant,  although  it  is  as  nothing  to  the  millions 
of  China.  But  had  this  outside  population  no  connection  with 
China  itself,  they  would  not  be,  by  any  means,  such  an  ob- 
ject of  interest  to  us  as  they  now  are.  All  the  emigrants  are 
directly  connected  with  the  population  at  home.  They  hold 
constant  communication  by  writing  to  their  friends,  and  fre- 
quently return  to  the  places  from  whence  they  came,  for  a 
Chinese  never  fails  to  visit  the  tomb  of  his  ancestors,  if  able 
to  do  so.  Now,  as  these  emigrants  come  from  all  parts  of  the 
empire,  they  are  for  missionary  purposes  of  more  importance 
than  an  equal  number  would  be,  situated  in  any  part  of  the 
empire  itself  An  impression  made  at  any  of  these  points, 
must  shoot  out  and  extend  on  every  side,  like  radii  from  a cen- 
tre. When,  therefore,  we  reflect  that  in  every  thing  we  do  for 
those  on  the  islands,  we  are  making  a direct  advance  on  China 
itself,  we  have  every  encouragement  to  go  forward.  But,  a still 
more  important  object  to  be  gained  by  the  settlement  of  Mis- 


14 


ADDRESS. 


sionaries  among  this  outside  population,  is  the  education  and 
training  up  of  a native  ministry.  The  Church  is  becoming 
every  day,  more  and  more  convinced  of  the  fact  that  the  mi- 
nisters of  every  country  must  be  men  of  the  soil.  All  the 
eastern  states  together  cannot  supply  a single  western  state 
with  a sufficient  number  of  ministers,  and  hence  the  efforts 
for  raising  up  a native  ministry  which  have  lately  been  made 
and  are  now  making  in  our  western  valley.  This  being  the 
case,  how  hopeless  would  be  the  undertaking  to  send  out  a 
sufficient  number  of  ministers  from  this  country  to  evangelize 
any  heathen  nation  ? If,  then,  in  obedience  to  our  Saviour’s 
command,  we  are  going  to  undertake,  soberly  and  rationally, 
the  conversion  of  the  world,  it  is  to  this  that  the  Church  must, 
with  humble  reliance  upon  God,  specially  direct  her  atten- 
tion. And  the  peculiar  difficulties  of  the  China  Mission  seem, 
ill  an  especial  manner,  to  call  for  an  effort  of  this  kind.  Fo- 
reigners are  excluded  from  the  empire,  but  the  Chinese  must 
have  the  gospel,  or  perish  for  ever — therefore  we  must  train 
up  for  them  a native  ministry.  The  difficulty  of  acquiring 
the  language  is  another  strong  reason  why  speedy  and  stre- 
nuous efforts  should  be  made  to  enlist  the  natives  as  ambas- 
sadors of  the  cross.  Besides  establishing  schools,  the  Mission- 
aries may  each  of  them  take  a number  of  native  youths  into 
their  families,  before  their  minds  have  become  corrupted  with 
the  idolatry  of  their  parents,  and  educate  them  in  the  principles 
of  the  Christian  religion.  By  taking  them  young  they  might  be 
taught  the  English  language,  and  thus  have  access  to  all  our 
theology  and  literature,  which  would  be  of  incalculable  im- 
portance. A knowledge  of  the  English  language  would  ren- 
der the  work  of  preparation  for  the  ministry  comparatively 
easy  to  any  whose  hearts  the  Lord  might  incline  to  preach 
his  gospel  to  their  countrymen  ; whereas,  the  labor  would  be 
immense  if  the  Missionaries  were  to  undertake  to  translate 
into  that  language  all  the  books  which  it  would  be  desira- 
ble or  even  necessary  for  a candidate  for  orders  to  read. 

By  teaching  the  natives'  English,  we  should  obtain  also 
good  translators  for  such  works  as  the  Missionaries  might 
desire  to  lay  before  the  Chinese,  many  of  which,  no  doubt, 


CHINA. 


15 


exist  in  our  language.  For  all  these  purposes,  my  brethren, 
the  Chinese  without  the  empire  afford  the  most  ample  field, 
and  until  we  have  fully  occupied  it,  we  cannot  excuse  our- 
selves while  doing  nothing  for  the  millions  of  China,  by 
saying  “ China  is  shut.” 

The  other  mode  of  operating  at  present  on  China,  is  by 
means  of  books.  There  are  five  nations  that  read  this  lan- 
guage, containing,  as  I have  said,  at  least  one  third  of  the 
whole  human  race.  These  are  China,  Japan,  Loochoo, 
Corea  and  Cochin-China.  Of  the  reading  character  of  the 
people  I have  already  spoken,  but  there  is  one  fact  in  regard  to 
their  history,  lately  stated,  which  if  true,  affords  us  the  highest 
encouragement  for  the  distribution  of  books  among  them.  It 
is  said  that  the  religion  of  Buddha,  was  propagated  in  the  em- 
pire entirely  by  books,  without  a living  priesthood.  If  a false 
religion,  unblessed  by  any  accompanying  influence  of  the 
Holy  Spirit,  could,  from  the  reading  and  inquiring  character 
of  the  people,  make  such  an  impression  as  to  become  the  most 
popular  religion  in  the  empire,  what  may  we  not  expect  from 
the  distribution  of  the  word  of  God,  which  is  quick  and 
powerful,  and  sharper  than  a two-edged  sword  ; and  which 
its  divine  author  has  promised  shall  not  return  unto  him  void  1 
And  in  the  good  providence  of  God,  the  way  is  fully  opened, 
my  brethren,  for  us  to  send  them  this  word.  The  entire 
Bible  has  been  translated  into  this  language,  and  may  be  dis- 
tributed either  in  part,  or  as  a whole.  Millions  of  copies  are 
now  wanted  for  this  purpose,  when,  alas  ! only  some  four  or 
five  thousand  of  Dr.  Morrison’s  translation  are  in  circulation. 
Several  tracts  have  been  written,  and  these  the  Missionaries 
will  of  course  multiply,  as  they  become  better  acquainted  with 
the  language  and  the  modes  of  thinking  among  the  people. 
Dr.  Morrison  translated  also  the  book  of  Common  Prayer, 
whicji  may  be  made  the  companion  of  the  Bible,  and  dis- 
tributed along  with  it.  But  it  may  be  asked,  how  are  we  to 
get  them  introduced  into  the  empire,  when  it  is  in  opposition 
• to  laws,  made  expressly  against  this,  and  even  to  an  edict  of 
the  last  year  1 This  question,  my  brethren,  is  important,  and 
should  be  fairly  met.  First  then,  in  answer  to  it,  we  remark. 


16 


ADDRESS. 


that  it  is  the  government,  and  not  the  people  of  China,  who 
are  opposed  to  receivitig  these  publications.  The  present 
dynasty  in  China,  is  not  native,  but  from  Tartary.  The 
emperor  feels  that  the  nation  is  jealous  of  foreign  domination, 
and  hence  he  is  fearful  of  political  changes,  and  puts  every 
difficulty  in  the  way  of  foreign  intercourse.  The  voyages  of 
Gutzlaff  and  others,  along  the  coast,  prove  conclusively,  that 
the  people  do  not  sympathize  with  their  rulers  on  this  point. 
They  are,  on  the  contrary,  very  accessible,  and  receive  with 
eagerness,  and  read  with  avidity,  all  the  books  that  are  given 
them.  These  excursions  along  the  coast  have  also  proved, 
that  it  is  out  of  the  power  of  the  government  to  prevent  the 
people  from  receiving  and  reading  our  books. 

In  the  second  place,  we  remark,  that  it  is  not  to  the  intro- 
duction of  a new  religion  that  the  government  is  opposed  ; 
but  it  prohibits  these  distributions-  from  fear  of  political 
changes.  It  is  not  the  religion  of  the  barbarians  they  dread, 
but  their  foreign  influence.  Hence,  as  soon  as  they  find  that 
Protestant  Missionaries  have  no  political  schemes — that  they 
have  no  pope  to  lay  claim  to  the  whole  country — the  authori- 
ties will  be  less  strict  in  executing  the  laws  ; and  when  they 
do  execute  them,  the  result  will  be,  that  some  of  our  books 
will  be  burnt.  So  much  for  the  difficulties  created  by  the 
opposition  of  the  government. 

The  ways  in  which  our  books  may  be  introduced  are 
various. 

The  emigrants  to  the  islands  will  take  them  by  thousands, 
when  they  return  to  visit  their  friends  at  home.  An  immense 
mass  of  the  Chinese  population  are  engaged  in  fishing,  far  out 
of  sight  of  land.  These  can  be  supplied  by  small  vessels 
sent  from  the  Mission  stations. 

But  the  principal  mode  will  be  by  vessels  sent  along  the 
coast,  with  nothing  but  books  and  medicines.  One  or,  two 
physicians  may  accompany  each  vessel,  and  practice  gratui- 
tously on  all  within  their  reach.  They,  we  are  told,  are  wel- 
come every  where,  and  even  the  mandarins  will  not  molest 
them. 

It  will  be  expensive  thus  to  distribute  books,  but  what  is 


CHINA. 


17 


the  expense  compared  with  the  object — the  distribution  of 
the  bread  of  life  to  perishing  millions  of  our  fellow  creatures  1 

The  Mission  to  China  is  in  its  infancy,  and  all  the  plans 
for  operating  there  are  yet  in  an  incipient  state ; but  every 
year  brings  us  some  new  discovery,  which  enables  us 
to  make  our  labors  more  efficient.  One  lately  made  at 
Paris  is  of  the  greatest  importance,  in  connection  with  our 
present  subject.  At  present  the  Missionaries  are  entirely  de- 
pendent on  the  Chinese  for  all  their  printing,  as  the  bloclts 
used  for  this  purpose  can  only  be  prepared  by  Chinese  art- 
ists. In  consequence  of  this  dependence  upon  the  natives, 
(as  they  are  forbidden  by  law  to  assist  a foreigner  in  printing 
their  language,)  difficulties  have  frequently  arisen,  but  now 
this  obstacle  will  soon  be  removed. 

Dr.  Marshman,  more  than  thirty  years  ago,  observed,  that 
the  Chinese  language  was  formed,  in  a great  measure,  from 
what  he  called  formatives  and  derivatives.  Pursuing  this 
idea,  the  Chinese  scholars  at  Paris  have  discovered,  that  by 
reducing  the  characters  of  the  language  to  their  lowest  ele- 
ments, the  whole  30,000  of  which  the  language  is  composed 
can  be  printed  from  9,000  type.  This  discovery,  you  will 
readily  perceive,  is  of  the  utmost  importance.  The  expense 
of  preparing  matrices  for  30,000  type  was  so  great,  as  for- 
merly to  preclude  the  hope  of  our  ever  being  able  to  use 
moveable  type.  And  besides,  this  30,000  type  in  a printing- 
office,  would  have  been  perfectly  unmanageable.  Both  of 
these  difficulties  are  removed  by  the  discovery  of  the  fact, 
that  9,000  type  will  answer  to  print  all  the  characters.  Even 
this  number  is  very  large  and  unwieldy,  when  compared 
with  our  twenty-four  ; but  still,  they  can  be  so  classified  under 
the  214  radicals  of  this  language,  that  a printer,  it  is  said, 
will  soon  learn  to  set  them  up  with  despatch. 

Thus  we  shall  be  able  henceforth,  not  only  to  print  tracts 
and  works  of  temporary  importance  cheaper  than  they  can 
now  be  done,  but  we  shall  be  able  also  to  stereotype  the 
Bible,  Prayer  Book,  and  other  standard  works.  One  of  the 
missionary  societies  in  this  country  has  ordered  from  Paris 
the  matrices  for  casting  Chinese  type,  which  they  intend 

3 


18 


A D D K E H S . 


sliall  be  at  the  use  of  all  others,  who  have  missionaries  in 
that  country.  When  these  are  received,  Chinese  type  will 
cost  no  more  than  any  other  (the  worth  of  the  metal  and 
labor  of  casting)  and  printing  in  that  language  will  then,  it 
is  hoped,  difler  very  little  in  expense  from  the  cost  in  our 
own. 

I have  now,  my  brethren,  instead  of  discussing  our  obliga- 
tion to  support  this  Mission,  given  you  a plain  narrative,  by 
which  I have  shown  that  we  have  it  in  our  pow^er  to  do  some- 
thing for  China.  The  sum  of  the  facts  are,  that  we  have  in 
China  360  millions  of  men,  who  are  civilized  and  intelligent ; 
reading  to  full  as  great  an  extent  as  we  do,  who  are  yet  “aliens 
from  the  commonwealth  of  Israel,  and  strangers  from  the  cove- 
nants of  promise,  having  no  hope,  and  without  God  in  the 
world,”  whose  spiritual  necessities  demand  from  us  obedience 
to  our  Saviour’s  command. 

We  have  seen  that  although  we  cannot  go  directly  to  them, 
that  indirectly  we  can  set  in  motion  powerful  means  for  their 
evangelization  ; that  we  can  reach  one  million  of  this  race, 
and  carry  to  them  the  word  and  ordinances  of  God,  and  that 
among  them  we  can  establish  Christian  schools  and  semina- 
ries, with  a view  of  raising  up  a native  ministry,  and  that 
besides  these  means,  (the  importance  of  which  who  can  esti- 
mate?) we  have,  from  the  intelligence  of  the  people  and  their 
fondness  for  books,  the  greatest  encouragement  to  distribute 
among  them,  to  the  very  extent  of  our  ability,  the  word  of 
God  and  all  other  Christian  books. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  I ask  if  any  one  can  say  that  China 
is,  by  the  providence  of  God,  excluded  from  a place  in  his  re- 
gards and  Christian  sympathies  ? Can  Ave  plead  inability  in 
bar  of  our  Saviour’s  command  ? 

What  an  appeal,  my  brethren,  do  these  facts  make  to  our 
hearts  ! They  present  millions  of  perishing  sinners  calling 
upon  us  by  their  destitution'to  supply  them  with  the  bread  of 
life.  Surely  it  cannot  require  either  the  tongue  of  eloquence 
or  tlie  language  of  persuasion,  to  induce  those  for  whom 
Christ  died  to  feel  for  perishing  millions. 

Our  Church,  my  brethren,  has  entered  this  field  with  a few 


CHINA. 


19 


feeble  instruments.  By  holding  back  we  may  and  must 
weaken  and  retard  her  operations,  but  we  cannot  alter  her 
policy.  And  if  the  whole  Church  holds  back,  God  will  send 
in  others.  The  question  for  us  to  decide  is  no  longer  shall 
China  have  the  gospel  or  not.  God  has  decided  that  long  ago. 
But  shall  we  have  any  part  in  the  glorious  work  of  its  re- 
generation. Some  who  hear  me  can,  I have  no  doubt,  go  and 
preach  with  their  own  lips,  the  unsearchable  riches  of  Christ 
to  the  Chinese.  Others  can  support  those  who  go,  and  supply 
them  with  Bibles,  Prayer-Books  and  tracts  for  distribution, 
and  all  can  pray  for  them,  and  for  the  Lord’s  Spirit  to  accom- 
pany them  in  their  work.  O let  us  not,  my  brethren,  want 
the  hearts  to  do  good  when  the  means  are  thus  plainly  set 
before  us.  Let  us  rather  resolve  that  according  to  the  ability 
which  God  giveth,  and  the  opportunity  afforded  us  in  his 
providence,  we  will  obey  our  blessed  Saviour’s  command  and 
preach  his  gospel  to  every  creature. 

Let  me  entreat  you,  my  brethren,  always  henceforth  to 
remember  the  360,000,000  of  China,  as  men  to  whom  your 
Saviour  has  commanded  you  to  preach  his  gospel.  Remem- 
ber them  as  without  the  ordinances  of  religion,  and  either 
go  yourselves,  or  send  them  ministers  of  the  word.  Re- 
member them  as  destitute  of  the  word  of  God,  and  lay  by 
according  as  God  shall  bless  you  that  they  may  be  supplied. 
Remember  them  as  immortal  beings,  hastening  on  to  judg- 
ment, and  oh ! by  your  meeting  them  there,  forget  them  not  at  a 
throne  of  grace.  Remember  them  at  the  monthly  meeting, 
at  the  family  altar,  in  your  private  devotions.  Surely  if 
we  forget  them  at  a throne  of  grace,  we  shall  be  without 
excuse.  Duties  may  demand  our  stay  at  home.  Our  circum- 
stances may  be  such  as  to  prevent  our  contributing  much  to 
the  missionary  cause  : but  if  we  do  not  pray  for  the  heathen, 
there  can  be  but  one  solution  of  it,  we  do  not  love  them — we 
do  not  care  for  their  immortal  souls. 

As  you  regard  then,  dear  brethren,  your  own  peace  and 
assurance  in  the  faith,  give,  labor  and  pray  for  these  poor 
heathens  ; for  “ whoso  hath  this  world’s  goods,  and  seeth  his 
brother  have  need,  and  shutteth  up  his  bowels  of  compassion 


20 


ADDRESS. 


from  him,  how  dwelJeth  the  love  of  God  in  him  ?”  “ And  he 

that  loveth  not  his  brother  whom  he  hath  seen,  how  can  he 
love  God  whom  he  hath  not  seen  V’ 

And  pray,  also,  my  brethren,  for  the  Missionaries  you  send 
to  the  heathen.  They  need  your  prayers.  They  have  trials 
to  encounter,  under  whicli  nothin^  but  almighty  grace  can 
sustain  them.  Situated  as  you  are  in  a Christian  land — sur- 
rounded with  gospel  privileges — what  need  have  you  to  pray 
for  each  other,  to  lift  up  the  hands  that  hang  down,  and  to  sup- 
port the  feeble  knees  ; but  how  much  more  need  of  the  sus- 
taining prayers  of  his  brethren  has  the  Missionary,  who  is 
cut  off  by  his  situation  from  all  these,  who  has  heard  for  the 
last  time  the  sound  of  the  church-going  bell,  and  who  is  shut 
up  in  aland  of  no  sabbaths,  no  prayer,  no  God. 

The  Missionary  hears  no  Christian  voice  but  his  own,  he 
sees  no  brother  sent  as  the  messenger  of  God  to  warn  or  re- 
prove  him.  If  he  fall  asleep  on  his  post,  the  mercy  of  a 
crucified  Redeemer  alone,  can  make  it  other  than  the  sleep  of 
death.  Brethren,  I am  not  insensible  to  the  ties  of  blood ; 
but  dearly  and  strongly  as  these  bind  me  to  my  native  land, 
I shrink  not  even  from  their  severance  for  a season,  as  I do 
from  my  severance  from  the  privileges  of  the  Church  of  Christ. 
O then,  brethren,  pray  for  your  missionaries.  I repeat  it,  they 
need  your  prayers.  They  have  spiritual  trials  and  temptations 
to  encounter,  which  the  day  of  judgment  alone  can  reveal. 
They  go  away  from  the  hosts  of  Christ,  to  encamp  in  the 
midst  of  Satan’s  dominions.  Nothing  but  almighty,  free, 
sovereign  grace  can  sustain  them.  That  grace  may  be  theirs 
through  your  prayers.  Brethren,  I am  not  ashamed  to  entreat 
them  in  my  own  behalf.  The  great  Apostle  to  the  Gentiles, 
while  engaged  in  this  very  work,  says  with  peculiar  emphasis 
in  almost  every  epistle,  “ Brethren,  pray  for  us.” 

Singular  indeed  is  the  tie  by  which  the  Christian  religion 
binds  its  professors  together.  “ M'hen  one  member  suffers,  all 
the  members  suffer  with  it.”  "What  a bundle  of  sympathies 
is  the  real  mystical  body  of  Christ ! They  mutually  rejoice 
in  every  joy,  and  weep  in  every  wo,  “ for  they  are  the  body 
of  Christ,  and  members  in  particular.”  Called  by  God  to  a 


CHINA. 


21 


situation  of  peculiar  temptations  and  trials,  I prize,  next  to 
the  consolations  of  his  own  holy  Spirit,  this  claim  which  he 
has  given  me  upon  my  Christian  brethren,  that  they  should 
sympathize  with  me  and  pray  for  me.  1 entreat  you  then, 
dear  brethren,  although  a stranger,  by  the  unity  of  the  body 
of  Christ,  that  when  I am  far,  far  away,  and  thousands  of 
miles  of  water  shall  roll  between  us,  I may  not  be  forgotten. 
O when  assembled  in  this  holy  temple,  and  you  surround  that 
sacred  altar  to  commemorate  a Saviour’s  precious  love,  some- 
times, I beseech  you,  remember  him  who  now  addresses  you, 
and  then  let  a silent,  fervent  prayer,  ascend  to  heaven,  that 
God  may  bless  your  unworthy,  but  sincerely  attached  bro- 
ther in  the  bonds  of  the  Gospel,  and  prosper  him  in  the  work 
whereunto  he  hath  sent  him. 


Note. — The  Rev.  F.  R.  Hanson,  and  the  Rev.  H.  Lockwood,  Missionaries  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  U.  S.  A.,  to  China,  sailed  from  New-York  in  June 
1835.  In  December  they  reached  Batavia,  where  they  have  since  been  resident. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Boone,  accompanied  by  Mrs.  Boone,  sailed  from  Boston  on  the  8th 
July,  1837,  in  the  ship  Louvre,  for  Batavia  and  Singapore. 


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